Does your skin feel rough and flaky year-round? Everyone’s skin goes through occasional bouts of dryness, but a more persistent struggle may be a symptom of your skin type. Read on to learn more about dry skin and find our recommendations to reduce and relieve dryness. Dry skin is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it can be particularly troublesome in regions with varying climates and environmental conditions, such as Pakistan. This comprehensive guide will delve into the causes, symptoms and effective remedies for dry skin, providing actionable insights to help you achieve and maintain healthy, hydrated skin.
Normal skin has a soft, supple texture because of its water content. For skin to feel soft, pliable and “normal” its top layer must contain a minimum of 10% water — and ideally between 20% and 35%. To help protect the outer layer of skin from losing water, the skin’s sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum.
Sebum is a complex mixture of fatty acids, sugars, waxes and other natural chemicals that form a protective barrier against water evaporation. If the skin doesn’t have enough sebum, it loses water and feels dry. If environmental factors cause more water evaporation and overwhelm the ability of sebum to prevent water loss, the skin will shrivel and crack. Decreased production of sebum — This is often a factor in the elderly, since the number and activity of sebaceous glands in the skin tends to decrease with age.
Dry skin, also called xerosis, is a very common problem in modern societies, affecting people of all ages, even infants. In the United States, most cases of dry skin are related to one or more of the following factors:
Understanding Dry Skin
Like all skin types, dry skin is genetic. It is characterized by an inadequate supply of sebum (which keeps skin lubricated) and lipids (which keep the skin’s moisture barrier intact). Without these essential materials, the skin loses its ability to produce and retain sufficient moisture. On the surface, this deficiency presents as dry, flaky skin and a lackluster complexion. Skin also becomes thinner and drier with age. Over time, the skin’s stores of hyaluronic acid diminish as a result of the body’s natural aging processes. As skin ages, it naturally produces less hyaluronic acid, a crucial substance for moisture retention. If you’re interested in how hyaluronic acid works in various skin types, including oily skin, you can read more about it in our article “Is Hyaluronic Acid Good for Oily Skin?”
Normal skin has a soft, supple texture because of its water content. For skin to feel soft, pliable and “normal” its top layer must contain a minimum of 10% water — and ideally between 20% and 35%. To help protect the outer layer of skin from losing water, the skin’s sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum.
Sebum is a complex mixture of fatty acids, sugars, waxes and other natural chemicals that form a protective barrier against water evaporation. If the skin doesn’t have enough sebum, it loses water and feels dry. If environmental factors cause more water evaporation and overwhelm the ability of sebum to prevent water loss, the skin will shrivel and crack. Decreased production of sebum — This is often a factor in the elderly, since the number and activity of sebaceous glands in the skin tends to decrease with age.
Dry skin, also called xerosis, is a very common problem in modern societies, affecting people of all ages, even infants. In the United States, most cases of dry skin are related to one or more of the following factors:
Causes of Dry Skin
1. Environmental Factors
Environmental conditions that increase water loss — Extreme environmental conditions can overwhelm the skin’s natural protective barrier, causing water to evaporate. This is an important reason for dry skin among people who live in sunbaked desert climates, especially in parts of the southwestern United States. Excessively dry indoor air also can cause dry skin and “winter itch” in the northern United States, particularly in people who use forced-air heating systems. Among outdoor athletes, frequent exposure to wind and sun can evaporate water from the skin, making the surface feel itchy and dry. Even swimmers can get dry skin, since the chemical content of pool water actually draws moisture from the skin. In Pakistan, dry skin is often exacerbated by environmental factors. The extreme temperatures and low humidity levels, especially during winter months or in arid regions, can strip the skin of its natural moisture.- Climate: Dry air from air conditioning or heating can reduce skin moisture levels.
- Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to the sun can damage the skin’s moisture barrier.
2. Skin Care Products
Loss of existing sebum — This usually is caused by lifestyle factors, such as excessive bathing or showering, excessive scrubbing of the skin while washing, or harsh soaps that dissolve the protective layer of sebum. In some cases, the result is dry skin over the entire body, especially among school athletes who shower several times a day. In other cases, dry skin affects only the hands — for example, in health care workers, food handlers, house cleaners, homemakers, mothers with children in diapers and others who frequently wash their hands. Many beauty and cosmetic products contain ingredients that may strip the skin of its natural oils.- Soap and Cleansers: Products with high alcohol content or strong detergents can lead to skin dryness. For Dry Skin, the best cleanser recommendation from experts and numerous customers is Nourish- Silk Face Wash (For Dry Skin).
- Exfoliants: Frequent use of physical or chemical exfoliants can disrupt the skin’s natural moisture balance.
3. Lifestyle Factors
Certain lifestyle habits can also affect skin hydration.- Dehydration: Not drinking enough water can lead to overall dryness, including in the skin.
- Diet: A diet low in essential fatty acids and vitamins can impact skin health.
4. Medical Conditions
Dry skin can be a symptom of various underlying health conditions, including:- Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): A chronic condition characterized by itchy, inflamed skin.
- Psoriasis: An autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin.
- Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid can reduce skin hydration.
5. Dry Winter Air
Winter impacts those prone to dry skin greatly and the lack of humidity is a big reason. Outside, the cold air has less moisture and when you head indoors, the central heating is most likely pumping through your home or your office. And heating systems severely dry out the air. Consider running a humidifier to replenish moisture to the air in your house. If you’re in the office, or in an environment where you can’t control the heating, keep a moisturizer close at hand to reapply as often as you need.Symptoms of Dry Skin
Dry skin manifests through several noticeable symptoms:
1. Flakiness and Scaling
Dry patches of skin may appear flaky or scaly. This is often most noticeable on the arms, legs, and hands.2. Itching and Irritation
Dry skin can cause itching and irritation, making the skin feel tight and uncomfortable. Sometimes, the only symptom of dry skin is itching, although most people also will notice that their skin is flaky and slightly more wrinkled than normal. Symptoms of dry skin may worsen during the winter months, especially if you spend a lot of time indoors, where the heated air is dry.3. Redness and Inflammation
In some cases, dry skin can lead to redness or inflammation, especially if it is cracked or irritated.4. Cracking and Peeling
Severe dry skin may result in cracks or peeling, which can be painful and increase the risk of infections.Diagnosis
In most cases of uncomplicated dry skin, you can make the diagnosis yourself. Begin by examining your normal skin care routine. Do you often take long, hot baths or showers that may be washing away your skin’s protective sebum? Do you shower several times a day or scrub your skin surface with harsh soaps? Do you have a job that requires frequent handwashing? Next, examine your environmental risk factors, both indoors and outdoors. Do you live in a dry, desert climate? Do you usually spend your winter months indoors, in heated rooms without a humidifier? When you do go outdoors, do you protect your skin with appropriate clothing or with a sunscreen on exposed surfaces? When was the last time you used a moisturizer?Expected duration
Once you begin to take care of your skin properly, the flakiness and itch of dry skin should improve within one or two weeks. In many cases, a good moisturizer will begin to make your skin look softer and suppler within minutes. Without proper care, dry skin can become a chronic problem that can lead to skin thickening, cracking and bleeding. This may increase your risk of skin infections.Prevention
You can help to prevent dry skin by taking these steps:- Bathe with comfortably warm (not hot) water, using an unscented soap that either has a high fat content or contains glycerin. Avoid scrubbing.
- If you are an athlete, shower off quickly after a workout or game. Use warm water and bring your own mild soap, since heavy-duty “gym” brands may be too strong.
- When you finish your bath or shower, pat dry and immediately apply moisturizer. An unscented moisturizing lotion is easy to apply and will help maintain skin moisture.
- Cover exposed skin when you play outdoors. If you can’t wear protective clothing because of hot weather or game regulations, apply a sunscreen with a moisturizer. If you are a swimmer and have problems with dry skin, apply a light layer of petroleum jelly before you enter the pool. Shower when you are out of the pool, pat dry, and immediately apply a moisturizer.
- If your indoor air is dry during winter months, use a humidifier to raise the humidity level.
- As necessary during the day, apply a moisturizer that contains at least one of the following ingredients: glycerin, urea, pyroglutamic acid, sorbitol, lactic acid, lactate salts or alpha hydroxy acids.
- Avoid overusing antiperspirants and perfumes, since these products can dry the skin.
When to see a doctor
Most cases of dry skin respond well to lifestyle changes and home remedies. You may need help from your primary care doctor or a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) if:- You’ve tried self-care steps but your signs and symptoms persist
- Your skin becomes inflamed or painful
- You develop dry, thick skin as a side effect of cancer treatment
- Your condition makes you so uncomfortable that you’re losing sleep or are distracted from your daily routines
- You have open sores or infections from scratching
- You have large areas of scaly or peeling skin
Best Remedies for Dry Skin
1. Hydrating Skin Care Products
Using products specifically formulated for dry skin can help restore moisture and improve skin texture.Moisturizers
Opt for rich, hydrating moisturizers containing ingredients like:- Hyaluronic Acid: Attracts moisture to the skin. Product Source
- Glycerin: Draws moisture from the air into the skin.
- Ceramides: Help repair and maintain the skin barrier.
Gentle Cleansers
Choose mild, soap-free cleansers that do not strip the skin of its natural oils. Look for products labeled as “hydrating” or “moisturizing.”2. Natural Remedies
Incorporating natural remedies can provide additional relief for dry skin.Coconut Oil
Coconut oil is a popular natural moisturizer that can help soothe and hydrate dry skin.Aloe Vera
Aloe vera has soothing properties that can reduce inflammation and provide hydration. Apply fresh aloe vera gel directly to the skin.Honey
Honey is a natural humectant that attracts moisture and can help lock in hydration. Apply it as a mask or add it to your bath water.3. Lifestyle Adjustments
Increase Water Intake
Drinking adequate water is essential for maintaining skin hydration. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day.Balanced Diet
Incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and E, and antioxidants. Examples include:- Fatty Fish: Rich in omega-3s.
- Nuts and Seeds: Good sources of healthy fats.
- Fruits and Vegetables: High in vitamins and antioxidants.